Preventive Geriatric Care in India

GeroScience • 2024

Snigdha A, et al.

A 26-week randomized trial in Bengaluru tested a yoga-based lifestyle program across multiple healthy-ageing domains. It stood out because it combined functional outcomes with biomarker signals and explicit trial reporting standards.

26-week yoga-based lifestyle program

BMC Public Health • 2022

Singh RR, Maurya P

Using LASI, this study linked visual impairment with falls and injuries across India. It makes vision screening feel like one of the clearest national-scale preventive targets in the report.

Vision impairment as a modifiable fall-risk target

Scientific Reports • 2020

Marmamula S, et al.

In residential homes for the aged, the study found a strong association between visual impairment and falls. The practical implication is straightforward: routine eye screening and correction may reduce institutional fall risk.

Vision impairment and refractive error correction

Annals of Neurosciences • 2025

Akshita, Monika Pathania, Ranjeeta Kumari, et al.

This randomized trial tested a home-based, mobile-guided breathing and meditation package for older hypertensive adults and reported larger improvements in blood pressure and sleep quality than standard care.

24-week home-based mobile guided pranayam and yog nidra versus standard care

PLOS ONE • 2022

Chatterjee P, et al.

This pilot randomized trial tested a multimodal package against health-awareness control in older adults with subjective cognitive impairment. The results support early-stage, multidomain prevention before more severe decline sets in.

Computer cognitive training plus diet plus exercise

JAMA Psychiatry • 2019

Amit Dias, Fredric Azariah, Stewart J Anderson, et al.

This Goa-based randomized trial evaluated a task-shared prevention model for late-life depression and showed why lay-counselor delivery is a credible preventive option for older adults in primary care-linked settings.

Lay-counselor multicomponent prevention package including problem-solving therapy, insomnia support, self-care education, and social-resource navigation

Journal of Education and Health Promotion • 2023

Rajratan Gupta, Dayananda Bittenahalli Omkarappa, Reema Jacqueline Andrade

This institutional randomized trial used a structured multimodal package and reported improvements in depression, self-esteem, and quality of life over follow-up.

Eight-session multimodal package with physical activity, cognitive training, and social activity

Patient Preference and Adherence • 2019

Melita Sheilini, H Manjunatha Hande, Mukhyaprana M Prabhu, et al.

This outpatient randomized trial addressed medication nonadherence in older hypertensive adults and linked a package intervention to better adherence, quality of life, and blood pressure outcomes.

Multimodal adherence intervention in an outpatient setting

Canadian Geriatrics Journal • 2015

Sanjeev Khanagar, S Naganandini, Jaspreet Singh Tuteja, et al.

This trial showed that educating caregivers can improve oral-hygiene outcomes in institutionalized elders, making oral care a concrete preventive workflow rather than an afterthought.

Caregiver oral-hygiene education with monitoring versus control

Pilot and Feasibility Studies • 2018

Keay L, et al.

This pilot explored whether yoga could work as a fall-prevention strategy in Hyderabad. It is useful less for definitive effect size and more for showing the intervention is acceptable and plausible in the Indian setting.

Yoga classes for balance and mobility

Medicine (Baltimore) • 2024

Nimmi KP, et al.

A randomized trial in an old-age home found both exercise approaches improved balance and fear-of-falling measures, with Otago showing larger gains. It is one of the most directly actionable fall-prevention trials in the shortlist.

Otago Exercise Program vs gaze stabilization exercises

Indian Journal of Psychiatry • 2013

V R Hariprasad, P T Sivakumar, V Koparde, et al.

This block-randomized trial in old-age homes found that yoga can improve sleep and quality of life, strengthening the case for low-cost behavioral programming in residential elder care.

Yoga program versus waitlist control in institutional settings

Frontiers in Pharmacology • 2021

Akshaya S Bhagavathula, Kota Vidyasagar, Manik Chhabra, et al.

This systematic review and meta-analysis quantifies the scale of polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing in older adults in India, giving health systems a clearer medication-safety prevention target.

Medication safety synthesis covering polypharmacy, hyperpolypharmacy, and potentially inappropriate medications

J Clin Diagn Res • 2014

Joshua AM, et al.

This early India RCT supports structured exercise programs for maintaining balance and function in older adults. It is older than some other studies, but still highly usable from a care-delivery standpoint.

Progressive resistance training vs balance training

BMC Public Health • 2019

Manju Pilania, Vikas Yadav, Mohan Bairwa, et al.

This review aggregates decades of Indian data on late-life depression and shows how much measured prevalence shifts with tool choice and study setting.

Evidence synthesis on late-life depression screening and prevalence in India

PMC full-text record • 2013

Hariprasad VR, et al.

A randomized trial in residential care homes suggests yoga may improve several cognitive domains in older adults. It adds to the report's view that low-cost movement-based interventions may help both physical and cognitive ageing.

Yoga program

PMC full-text record • 2014

Kumar P, et al.

This trial reported quality-of-life gains when occupational therapy was added to standard treatment. The report treats it as a pragmatic non-pharmacologic way to reduce functional decline and caregiver strain.

Novel OT regimen plus usual care

PMC full-text record • 2017

Kumar P, et al.

This follow-on occupational-therapy trial reported improvements across function, mood, cognition, and quality of life. It is one of the clearer examples in the report of a non-drug intervention with multiple patient-centered outcomes.

OT program twice weekly for 5 weeks

Indian Journal of Medical Research • 2017

Sarkar S, et al.

This comparative study suggests structured day-care attendance may support better mental health and quality-of-life outcomes in rural older adults. It gives the report a real-world community model beyond clinic-based interventions.

Day-care centre engagement

Aging Medicine • 2023

Sunny Singhal, Sumitabh Singh, Gevesh Chand Dewangan, et al.

This national analysis builds a frailty index and links frailty burden to age, sex, socioeconomic position, and healthcare use across India.

Frailty index construction and inequality analysis

J Family Med Prim Care • 2018

Premnazir L, et al.

A PHC-linked geriatric club combined discussion, social activity, and structured engagement and reported better depression and MMSE scores after six months. It is one of the report's clearest low-cost primary-care-adjacent models.

Weekly geriatric club with social and health activities

BMC Geriatrics • 2025

Kanougiya S, et al.

This study validates the UCLA-8 loneliness scale for rural older adults in Tamil Nadu and argues for use within primary care and NPHCE pathways. It gives the portal a concrete psychosocial screening tool rather than just a generic recommendation.

Loneliness screening tool validation

Indian Journal of Medical Research • 2024

Bhattacharyya A, Shahabuddin SM

This rapid review synthesizes Indian adult immunization evidence and highlights how limited uptake and patchy implementation remain. It is less about a single intervention and more about clarifying where the current prevention system is weak.

Evidence synthesis on adult vaccination

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care • 2024

Nalina Gupta, Palani G Kumar, Divya J Patel

This community study argues that grip strength, gait speed, and simple frailty screening can be deployed as practical field tools for older adults in India.

Field screening for sarcopenia and SOF frailty categories

BMC Psychiatry • 2025

T Muhammad, Soomi Lee, Manish Kumar, et al.

This LASI-based study shows how much case counts can shift depending on which depression scale is used, which matters directly for screening programs and capacity planning.

Comparison of depression screening and diagnostic scales for program surveillance

Bull World Health Organ • 2022

Rizvi AA, Singh A

Large survey analysis evidence in India adults aged 45+ focused on vaccination uptake as prevention gap and tracked coverage below 2% for multiple vaccines. Massive sample and high policy leverage for identifying where adult immunization is failing.

Vaccination uptake as prevention gap

SAGE OA / PMC • 2020

Sharma S, et al.

Observer-blinded RCT evidence in Punjab elders aged 65+ focused on paper-pencil cognitive training vs square-stepping mind-motor training and tracked cognition and iadl changes. Registered, low-cost training options make this a strong practical fit for cognitive-health prevention.

Paper-pencil cognitive training vs square-stepping mind-motor training

Vaccines (Basel) • 2022

Damini Singh, Abhinav Sinha, Srikanta Kanungo, et al.

This LASI analysis quantifies how low adult vaccine uptake remains in older adults in India and shows that coverage is strongly patterned by wealth and access.

Adult vaccine uptake inequity analysis by wealth, residence, and comorbidity

F1000Research • 2021

Ann Mary Thomas, Vinu Cherian, Ashok Antony

This study supports scalable depression screening in Malayalam-speaking older adults by validating a locally usable version of the GDS-30.

Validation of a language-adapted depression screening tool

Program review • 2022

Vaishnav LM, Joshi SH

This program-focused review explains how geriatric prevention is supposed to be delivered across PHC, CHC, district, and tertiary levels under NPHCE. It is included less as outcome evidence and more as the implementation backbone for the rest of the shortlist.

NPHCE strategy and implementation synthesis

Ophthalmic Physiol Opt • 2020

Marmamula S, et al.

Cross-sectional analytic evidence in Hyderabad residential care elders focused on vision screening and spectacle provision and tracked ure prevalence and risk factors. Highly actionable because a pair-of-glasses intervention is low-cost and directly relevant to fall and quality-of-life prevention.

Vision screening and spectacle provision

F1000Research • 2021

Aseem Mehra, Arun Agarwal, Mohammad Bashar, et al.

This paper validates Hindi versions of the GDS and PHQ for older adults, improving the quality and consistency of screening in Hindi-speaking settings.

Validation of Hindi depression screening instruments

Cureus • 2025

Palani G Kumar, Sarvang Desai

This tool-development study creates a falls-efficacy measure tailored to Indian living environments and activities, supporting more context-fit risk assessment.

Contextually tailored falls-fear measurement tool development

BMJ Open • 2019

Kirubakaran Kesavan Kendhapedi, Niveditha Devasenapathy

This rural South India study links frailty to falls and fear of falling, making a strong case for integrated screening rather than treating each problem separately.

Frailty screening and linkage to falls and fear of falling

Bulletin of the World Health Organization • 2022

Ali Abbas Rizvi, Abhishek Singh

This population-based study provides one of the clearest national baselines for older-adult vaccination coverage and shows where uptake is still weakest.

National adult-vaccination coverage and predictor analysis

Br J Ophthalmol • 2020

Marmamula S, et al.

Cross-sectional evidence in Hyderabad homes for aged focused on routine vision screening recommendation and tracked visual impairment prevalence and risk drivers. Directly relevant to institutional screening policy and highly practical for prevention planning.

Routine vision screening recommendation

Scientific Reports • 2021

Marmamula S, et al.

Cross-sectional evidence in India residential care elders focused on vision and hearing screening as mental-health prevention and tracked depression associations. Links sensory screening to depression prevention and supports integrated risk detection.

Vision and hearing screening as mental-health prevention

Indian Journal of Psychiatry • 2010

Ankur Barua, Nilamadhab Kar

This study validates the WHO-5 as a low-burden first-stage depression screener for older adults in community settings in India.

Validation of the WHO-5 well-being index for community depression screening

Journal of Research in Health Sciences • 2020

Ankit Anand, TS Syamala, Md Illias Kanchan Sk, et al.

This decomposition analysis shows how frailty and disability are unevenly distributed by sex and residence, helping planners target scarce prevention resources.

Frailty and disability inequity analysis by sex and residence

PMC full-text record • 2023

Srivastava P, et al.

Cross-sectional analysis evidence in India elderly population focused on loneliness as a psychosocial prevention target and tracked prevalence by state and correlates. Targets psychosocial prevention and supports screening prioritization.

Loneliness as a psychosocial prevention target

PMC full-text record • 2024

Damor N, et al.

Cross-sectional analysis evidence in India elderly population focused on loneliness linked to adverse behaviors and tracked predictors and program implications. Strengthens the case for psychosocial prevention and social-connectedness interventions.

Loneliness linked to adverse behaviors

PMC full-text record • 2024

Marmamula S, et al.

Cross-sectional evidence in Hyderabad homes for aged focused on vision screening as cognition-risk marker and tracked visual impairment and cognitive impairment relationship. Supports integrated screening that connects visual and cognitive risk rather than treating them separately.

Vision screening as cognition-risk marker

Indian J Community Med • 2019

Fathima FN, et al.

Open-label RCT evidence in Elderly diabetics in rural geriatric clinics focused on visual monitoring chart plus education and tracked hba1c improvement. A low-cost, primary-care-friendly chronic disease prevention tool rather than a specialist intervention.

Visual monitoring chart plus education

BMC Geriatrics • 2025

Ratinder Jhaj, Atiya R. Faruqui, Santanu Kumar Tripathi, et al.

This Delphi study develops an India-specific deprescribing tool that accounts for local prescribing realities such as fixed-dose combinations and herb-drug interactions.

Modified Delphi development of a deprescribing tool considering FDCs and herb-drug interactions

Journal of International Advanced Otology • 2023

Anmol Arora, Teja Deepak Dessai, Rashmi J Bhat

This screening study supports earlier identification of auditory processing difficulty in older adults with hearing impairment, which can shape referral and rehabilitation pathways.

Screening checklist for auditory processing difficulty in outpatient care

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care • 2023

Dipankar Jana, Monalisha Sahu, Bobby Paul, et al.

This community study highlights household environmental hazards as practical fall predictors, making home-safety checklists a concrete prevention tool.

Falls surveillance with household-environment predictor analysis

PubMed record • 2022

Basu A, et al.

Active-controlled RCT evidence in India adults and elders aged 61+ focused on influenza vaccination and tracked immunogenicity and safety endpoints. Direct elder-relevant vaccine trial evidence from India with useful safety and immunogenicity signals.

Influenza vaccination

BMC Geriatrics • 2021

De P, et al.

Tool development / validation evidence in Indian community elders focused on frailty screening and tracked predictive validity and accuracy. Frailty screening is a high-value triage tool for prevention and prioritization in primary care.

Frailty screening

Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring • 2025

Deepashri Agrawal, Palash Kumar Malo, Sadhana Singh, et al.

This observational study adds mechanistic support for hearing screening and early rehabilitation as preventive levers for later-life cognitive decline.

Hearing-cognition linkage analysis with behavioral and neuroimaging measures

BMC Psychiatry • 2024

NB Devikrishna, Nand Lal Mishra, Abhishek Singh

This LASI-based study quantifies how many older adults have depression symptoms without diagnosis, making the case for routine or targeted screening in primary care.

Estimation of the undiagnosed depression gap for active case finding

National Medical Journal of India • 2016

Priyamadhaba Behera, Pratap Sharan, Ashwani Kumar Mishra, et al.

This rural Ballabgarh study links depression in older adults to inactivity, chronic disease burden, sleep problems, and hearing impairment, which are all clinically actionable clusters.

Screening plus confirmatory diagnosis for depression determinants in community elders

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care • 2024

P J Mercy, Sandhya K Neelamana, Vijayan C Parameswaran Nair

This pilot study applies structured falls tools in a community setting and shows how brief operational screening can be embedded into routine geriatric visits.

Falls risk screening using STEADI and Timed Up and Go

PubMed record • 2025

Jain SM, et al.

Post-launch study evidence in India older adults aged 65+ focused on influenza vaccination and tracked safety and reactogenicity. Adds elder-specific post-approval vaccine safety evidence in the Indian context.

Influenza vaccination

Geriatr Gerontol Int • 2020

Raj JP, et al.

Pilot RCT evidence in Older adults in India with NCDs focused on education and behavioral adherence program and tracked adherence feasibility and effect. Prevention here works through better chronic disease control rather than through a single screening or exercise program.

Education and behavioral adherence program

PubMed record • 2022

Biswas M, et al.

Systematic review evidence in Older Indian adults focused on risk factor synthesis for fall prevention and tracked fall predictors. High evidence tier for building targeted fall-prevention bundles rather than relying on one-off interventions.

Risk factor synthesis for fall prevention

PubMed record • 2022

Chobe S, et al.

Clinical trial evidence in India older adults with mild cognitive impairment focused on integrative intervention and tracked cognition and biomarkers. Targets progression prevention and includes biomarker-aware trial thinking, though details still need careful review.

Integrative intervention

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome • 2025

Inderdeep Kaur, Shromona Das, Shivangi Chandel, et al.

Cross-sectional evidence in Older adults in LASI Wave 1 national survey focused on national sarcopenia-phenotype and diabetes risk stratification analysis and tracked associations between diabetes and sarcopenia phenotype distributions. Useful for integrating sarcopenia screening into diabetes care where muscle loss and metabolic risk intersect.

National sarcopenia-phenotype and diabetes risk stratification analysis

BMJ Open • 2021

Krishnan A, et al.

Cohort profile / surveillance evidence in India older adults and risk groups focused on respiratory infection surveillance platform and tracked incidence, burden, and vaccine-policy inputs. Useful because surveillance data shapes realistic vaccine targeting and public-health prevention decisions.

Respiratory infection surveillance platform

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society • 2025

Abhijith R Rao, Manjusha Bhagwasia, Vishwajeet Singh, et al.

Cross-sectional evidence in Older adults aged 60 and above in LASI Wave 1 focused on national sarcopenia prevalence and determinant analysis and tracked prevalence and determinants of sarcopenia in india. Important for defining the target population for strength, nutrition, and frailty-prevention programs at state scale.

National sarcopenia prevalence and determinant analysis

Consensus statement • 2024

Koul PA, et al.

Consensus / expert panel evidence in India high-risk adult and elder groups focused on pneumococcal vaccination recommendations and tracked implementation recommendations. Peer-reviewed consensus provides actionable implementation guidance, though it sits below randomized evidence in the hierarchy.

Pneumococcal vaccination recommendations

PubMed record • 2025

Das S, et al.

Cross-sectional evidence in Older adults across six Indian cities focused on medication-safety risk mapping and tracked polypharmacy prevalence and risk factors. Directly informs deprescribing and medication-safety prevention planning.

Medication-safety risk mapping

PubMed record • 2024

Kshatri JS, et al.

Intervention design / pilot evidence in Rural India older adults focused on community plus facility screening package and tracked feasibility and implementation outcomes. Directly aligned with NPHCE and HWC-style delivery, even though the evidence is still early-stage.

Community plus facility screening package

PubMed record • 2010

Gupta R, et al.

Randomized supplementation trial evidence in Vitamin D-deficient Asian Indians including older adults focused on cholecalciferol plus calcium and tracked strength and physical performance. Relevant to sarcopenia and falls prevention, even though it sits outside the stronger recent lifestyle and screening clusters.

Cholecalciferol plus calcium

Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society • 2015

Ramesh Bharti, Anil Chandra, Aseem Prakash Tikku, et al.

This review maps why preventive oral care still fails older adults in India and argues that service pathways and caregiver support matter as much as clinical knowledge.

Barrier mapping and care-pathway review for preventive oral health

Indian J Community Med • 2020

Monachan D, et al.

Cross-sectional evidence in Semi-urban Kerala elders aged 60+ focused on integrated screening for cognition and fall risk and tracked fall-risk prevalence and associations. Supports a more integrated geriatric-screening model instead of siloed risk checks.

Integrated screening for cognition and fall risk

Drugs & Aging • 2021

Agam Vora, Alberta Di Pasquale, Shafi Kolhapure, et al.

This review summarizes why older-adult vaccination remains underused in India and connects epidemiologic burden to practical policy and program proposals.

Policy and evidence synthesis for routine older-adult vaccination

PubMed record • 2014

Talwadkar S, et al.

Controlled intervention evidence in India older adults focused on trataka practice and tracked cognitive outcomes. Culturally familiar and scalable, though the evidence base is smaller than for the best trials.

Trataka practice

PubMed record • 2017

Vaishya R, et al.

Cross-sectional risk assessment evidence in Urban Indian adults and older adults focused on fracture risk screening and tracked risk stratification. Supports proactive fracture prevention planning rather than reactive treatment after injury.

Fracture risk screening

PubMed record • 2025

Kaushik A, et al.

Clinical study evidence in India older adults with Alzheimer’s disease focused on yoga intervention and tracked clinical outcomes. More decline-mitigation than primary prevention, but still relevant to preserving function and quality of life.

Yoga intervention

Indian J Public Health • 2020

Vaish K, et al.

Cross-sectional evidence in India elderly population focused on nutrition screening baseline and tracked malnutrition prevalence. Useful for targeting nutrition services and understanding the baseline scale of risk.

Nutrition screening baseline

Indian J Public Health • 2016

Mathew AC, et al.

Cross-sectional evidence in Urban Coimbatore elders focused on nutrition screening baseline and tracked correlates of malnutrition. Highly useful for targeting nutrition-risk programs even though it is not interventional evidence.

Nutrition screening baseline

J Family Med Prim Care • 2021

Kshatri JS, et al.

Cross-sectional systems assessment evidence in Odisha and related India health-system settings focused on program preparedness for nphce implementation and tracked health-system gaps. Strong health-system applicability even though it is indirect prevention evidence rather than a trial.

Program preparedness for NPHCE implementation

Indian J Public Health • 2014

Gupta P, et al.

Cross-sectional evidence in Rural Haryana older adults focused on disability screening and measurement and tracked disability prevalence. Foundational for targeting ADL and disability prevention services in rural settings.

Disability screening and measurement

PubMed record • 2023

Rathi N, et al.

Clinical trial evidence in Edentulous elderly in India focused on vitamin d therapy and tracked mandibular ridge dimensions. More niche than the highest-ranked studies, but still relevant to geriatric oral and bone-health prevention.

Vitamin D therapy

Indian J Community Med • 2023

Prabhakar T, et al.

Cross-sectional evidence in India elderly population focused on access and uptake behavior as prevention systems issue and tracked determinants of care-seeking. Useful for understanding why screening and chronic-care pathways fail to convert into real care continuity.

Access and uptake behavior as prevention systems issue

PubMed record • 2025

Lakshmanan J, et al.

Intervention study evidence in Elderly adults in India focused on mindfulness program and tracked depression, stress, and cortisol. Promising psychosocial prevention direction, though scale and rigor details still need closer review.

Mindfulness program

Indian J Community Med • 2023

Thanigachalam S, et al.

Pre-post intervention evidence in Rural Puducherry elderly focused on health education and preventive literacy and tracked misconception change. Education-based prevention is weaker evidence than RCTs, but still relevant for community programming.

Health education and preventive literacy

J Med Food • 2021

Varma K, et al.

Double-blind RCT evidence in Healthy elderly adults in India focused on curcumin supplementation and tracked strength and fatigue markers. Included with caution because it is a smaller supplement trial rather than a broad systems-level prevention strategy.

Curcumin supplementation

Government portal

DGHS/MoHFW

This official NPHCE source explains the integrated preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative service model used as implementation context throughout the report.

Preventive and promotive package definition